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Qus
Arrange the following operating system components from lowest to highest in terms of abstraction (from hardware to user-level):
1️⃣ Kernel
2️⃣ User Interface (Shell)
3️⃣ Application Programs
4️⃣ Hardware
Qusनिम्नलिखित ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम घटकों को अमूर्तता के संदर्भ में निम्नतम से उच्चतम तक व्यवस्थित करें (हार्डवेयर से उपयोगकर्ता-स्तर तक):

A. 1 → 4 → 3 → 2
B. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1
C. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1
D. 4 → 1 → 2 → 3

Solution

D. 4 → 1 → 2 → 3

Explanation

Hardware is the base, closest to the physical machine.Kernel is the core part of the OS that manages resources.User Interface (Shell) interacts with the user.Application Programs (like Word or a browser) are built on top of the OS.