Linux uses a command-line interface (CLI) for system management, file operations, and network administration. Below are essential Linux commands for beginners.
File & Directory Commands
| Command | Description | Example |
ls | Lists files in a directory | ls /home |
ls -l | Lists files in detail | ls -l |
cd | Changes directory | cd Documents |
cd .. | Moves up one level | cd .. |
pwd | Displays current directory | pwd |
mkdir | Creates a new directory | mkdir NewFolder |
rmdir | Deletes an empty directory | rmdir OldFolder |
rm -r | Deletes a directory & files | rm -r FolderName |
File Management Commands
| Command | Description | Example |
touch | Creates an empty file | touch file.txt |
cp | Copies a file | cp file1.txt /backup/ |
mv | Moves or renames a file | mv file1.txt Documents/ |
rm | Deletes a file | rm file.txt |
cat | Displays file content | cat file.txt |
nano | Opens file in Nano editor | nano file.txt |
head | Displays first 10 lines of a file | head file.txt |
tail | Shows last 10 lines of a file | tail file.txt |
User & Permission Commands
| Command | Description | Example |
who | Lists logged-in users | who |
id | Displays user ID (UID, GID) | id |
chmod | Changes file permissions | chmod 755 file.sh |
chown | Changes file ownership | chown user:group file.txt |
passwd | Changes user password | passwd |
Process Management Commands
| Command | Description | Example |
ps | Shows running processes | ps aux |
top | Displays system resource usage | top |
kill | Kills a process | kill PID |
pkill | Kills a process by name | pkill firefox |
htop | Interactive process manager | htop (install required) |
Qus. 1 : Which of the following is a Linux command?
- Chmod
- curl
- df
- all
Qus. 2 : Command to create file in Linux is...........?
- copycon
- cat
- dir
- All of the above
Qus. 3 : Which command is used to check Linux version?
- uname -a
- uname-n
- uname-s
- kernel
Qus. 4 : True statement about 'chown' command in Linux is
- Creates a thread
- Creates a child process
- Changes the mode of operation to kernel mode
- Changes the users and/or group ownership of each given file
Qus. 5 : Which commands will give you information about how much disk space each file in the current directory uses?
- Is-1
- ls -la
- du
- ls -a
Qus. 6 : Which command is used for removing files in the Linux operating system ?
- delete
- rm
- dm
- erase
Qus. 7 : <p>Match the following Linux commands with their correct functions.</p><p><br></p><table class="table table-bordered"><tbody><tr><td><b>Commands</b></td><td><b>Functions</b></td></tr><tr><td>1. ls</td><td>A. Deletes a file</td></tr><tr><td>2. rm</td><td>B. Copies files from one location to another</td></tr><tr><td>3. mkdir</td><td>C. Displays a list of files and directories</td></tr><tr><td>4. cp</td><td>D. Creates a new directory</td></tr><tr><td><br></td><td>E. Removes a directory</td></tr><tr><td><br></td><td>F. Moves a file</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br></p>
- 1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D
- 1-D, 2-E, 3-B, 4-A
- 1-C, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B
- 1-F, 2-D, 3-C, 4-E
Programs